I have the class package with a type, plus more info not relevant to the question

public class Package
{
	public string Type { get; set; }
	// ... more package properties
}

I have the following interface service to mail packages

public interface IMailService
{
	public Task<string> SendPackage(Package package);
}

Then I have several implementations for this interface

public class MailNewPackageService : IMailService
{
	public async Task<string> SendPackage(Package package)
	{
		Console.WriteLine("send package through new service");
		// implementation ...
	}
}

public class MailOldPackageService : IMailService
{
	public async Task<string> SendPackage(Package package)
	{
		Console.WriteLine("send package through old service");
		// implementation ...
	}
}

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MemoryStream

Los streams en memoria se usan sobre todo para leer de ficheros, o para almacenar información que queremos guardar en ficheros.

Si se inicializa mediante el siguiente constructor no se puede cambiar su tamaño.

MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream(150);
ms.Capacity;
ms.Length;
ms.Position;

// 0 bits from Begin
ms.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
// 5 bits from current position
ms.Seek(5, SeekOrigin.Current);
// go back 10 bits from current position
ms.Seek(-10, SeekOrigin.Current);

Files

Ejemplo para leer y escribir un fichero.

write file

FileStream fsEscribir = new FileStream("miArchivo.txt", FileMode.Create);

string cadena = "this is an example";

fsEscribir.Write(ASCIIEncoding.ASCII.GetBytes(cadena), 0, cadena.Length);
fsEscribir.Close();

read file

byte[] infoArchivo = new byte[100];

FileStream fs = new FileStream("miArchivo.txt", FileMode.Open);
fs.Read(infoArchivo, 0, (int) fs.Length);

Console.WriteLine(ASCIIEncoding.ASCII.GetString(infoArchivo));
Console.ReadKey();

fs.Close();

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ServiceBus

Sistema de mensajeria COMPLEJO que permite comunicacion entre MULTIPLES SERVICIOS usando patrones publication/subscription

Permite a un mensaje ser consumido por MULTIPLES CONSUMERS Ideal para flujos de trabajo complejos

Queue

Mecanismo mas simple y directo. Permite la transmision de mensajes de un punto a otro. Un mensaje enviado a la cola es recibido y procesado por un unico consumidor Se centra en GARANTIZAR LA ENTREGA del mensaje, pero es mas limitado.

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Permite a una clase notificar a otras cuando ocurre algo de interés.

public class Publicador
{
	// Declaracion de un evento
	public event EventHandler EventoSimple;

	// trigger
	public void DispararEvento()
	{
		// verificacion de subscripcion
		if(EventoSimple != null)
		{
			EventoSimple(this, EventArgs.Empty);
		}
	}
}

public class Suscriptor
{
	public void Suscribirse(Publicador publicador)
	{
		// suscripcion al evento
		publicador.EventoSimple += ManejadorEvento;
	}

	private void ManejadorEvento(object sender, EventArgs e)
	{
		// do whatever you need to do and/or send here
	}
}

// usage
var publicador = new Publicador();
var suscriptor = new Suscriptor();
suscriptor.Suscribirse(publicador);

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Un delegado es un placeholder para un método. Permite pasar una función como parámetro a un método.

Hay varios tipos de delegado:

• Action<T> consume una clase, devuelve void Ejemplo Console.WriteLine();
• Predicate<T> consume una clase, devuelve bool Por ejemplo para abstraer condiciones
• Func<T, K> consume una clase y devuelve otra. Por ejemplo para abstraer mappings

Usaremos el struct Book para todos los ejemplos

public struct Book
{
	public string Title;        // Title of the book.
	public string Author;       // Author of the book.
	public decimal Price;       // Price of the book.
	public bool Paperback;      // Is it paperback?

	public Book(string title, string author, decimal price, bool paperBack)
	{
		Title = title;
		Author = author;
		Price = price;
		Paperback = paperBack;
	}
}

Action (Consumer)

Tenemos el ejemplo BookDBActionService

public class BookDBActionService
{
	// List of all books in the database
	List<Book> list = new List<Book>();

	// initialize test data on constructor
	public BookDBActionService()
	{
		list.Add(new Book("title1", "author1", 10, true));
		list.Add(new Book("title2", "author2", 20, false));
	}

	// Aqui tenemos el Action<Book> donde delegamos como se procesa cada libro
	public void ProcessPaperbackBooks(Action<Book> processBook)
	{
		foreach (Book b in list)
		{
			if (b.Paperback)
			{
				// delegate call
				processBook(b);
			}
		}
	}
}

Llamada donde ejecutamos el código y llamamos al Action<Book>

public static void Main(string[] args)
{
var bookDBAction = new BookDBActionService();
bookDBAction.ProcessPaperbackBooks(book => Console.WriteLine(book.Title));
}

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El nucleo de la programacion asincrona son los objetos Task y Task<T>. Son compatibles con las palabras clave async y await.

Primero hay que reconocer si el codigo se usa para trabajos enlazados a I/O o si son CPU intensivos.

• Si el codigo “espera” algo como una BBDD o una response de un servidor, es codigo I/O. En este caso hay que usar async y await pero SIN usar Task.Run
• Si el codigo realiza un calculo costoso, es CPU intensivo. Use async y await y genere otro subproceso con Task.run

Async / Await (Operaciones I/O)

La palabra clave importante aqui es await. Lo que hace es suspender la ejecucion del metodo actual y devolver el control hasta que está lista para seguir.

public Task Main()
{
	string contenido = await LeerPaginaWebAsync("http://example.com");
}

public async Task<string> LeerPaginaWebAsync(string url)
{
	using (HttpClient client = new HttpClient())
	{
		return await client.GetStringAsync(url);
	}
}

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Don’t use async void

An async method may return Task, Task<T> and void. Natural return types are all but void.

Any sync method returning void becomes an async method returning Task. example:

// synchronous work
void MyMethod()
{
	Thread.sleep(1000);
}

// asynchronous work
async Task MyAsyncMethod()
{
	await Task.Delay(1000);
}

When an exception is thrown out of an async Task or async Task<T> method that exception is captured and placed on the Task object. For async void methods, exceptions aren’t caught.

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Shortcuts

• prop - creates a new property for a class
• ctor - creates a new constructor
• cw - creates a new Console.WriteLine() statement
• try - creates a try-catch statement

To create a new property, type prop, hit twice tab and it creates a property template which you can navegate and override

Debug in VsCode

Watch a variable

En la pestaña watch se puede introducir el nombre de una variable y al hacer debug mostrará siempre el valor de esta variable.

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How to map List of classes

// Method to show call usage. 
public List<MappedUser> MapListOfUsers(List<User> users)
{
	// option 1
	List<MappedUser> mappedUsers = users.Select(user => MapSingleUser(user))
		.ToList();
	
	// option 2
	List<MappedUser> mappedUsers2 = 
		(from user in users select MapSingleUser(user)).ToList();
}

method to encapsulate mapping itself

private MappedUser MapSingleUser(User user)
{
 var mapped = new MappedUser
 {
	 Id = user.Id,
	 Name = user.Name,
	 Email = user.Email
 };
 return mapped;
}

This provides easier and more legible than doing a foreach to iterate everything.

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Disponible de forma nativa en .NET Core.

Implementación DI

interfaz de la cual se hace la DI

public interface IVehiculoService
{
	Vehiculo GetVehiculo(int id);
	
	string Arrancar();
}

implementación de la interfaz

public class VehiculoService: IVehiculoService
{
	public Vehiculo GetVehiculo(int id)
	{
		// consulta y retornar de BBDD
		return new Vehiculo();
	}

	public string Arrancar()
	{
		return "Arrancando";
	}
}

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MapStruct is a Java Bean Mapper.

It contains functions that automatically maps between two Java functions. We only need to create the interface, and the library will automatically create a concrete implementation.

Implementation

config

pom.xml modifications for maven

<dependency>
	<groupId>org.mapstruct</groupId>
	<artifactId>mapstruct</artifactId>
	<version>1.3.1.Final</version>
</dependency>

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Relevant Post: Initial Steps with Rust

Relevant changes to adapt to Rust, coming from a Java background. Contains information about Rust’s environment and the language structures.

For code snippets on how to do specific things as we do in Java, check my Rust experience post

Rust Environment

Cargo

Cargo is Rust’s dependencies manager and most projects should be created and managed with it, for easier use.
Commands I used so far:

cargo new hello_cargo creates a new project.
Cargo.toml is a file which cargo creates and it contains the project’s metainformation and its dependencies.

cargo build builds binaries from source code.
cargo run directly compiles and starts the programm.

cargo install --path . installs from binaries to your system. Useful to use and test my own programs.
--force needed if it already was installed

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Relevant Post: From Java to Rust

Answers to questions I’ve spent some time looking on the Internet to find an answer to, or which come to be relevant often.

Compare between String and &str

If we’re comparing 2 Strings and Rust shows the error expected 'String', found '&str' is because we forgot to add the .trim() part to buffer.

let mut buffer = String::new();
io::stdin().lock()
  .read_line(&mut buffer)
  .expect("Couldn't read user input");

if buffer.trim() == "yes" {
  // do action
}  

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Installing Rustup

curl https://sh.rustup.rs -sSf | sh

vim ~/.zshrc
# add following line  
export PATH=$PATH:/home/msanchez/.cargo/bin
source ~/.zshrc

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(This are my notes taken from the book Spring in Action 5th Edition)

Spring parts

• Spring core Provides the core container, dependency injection framework, Spring MVC (Rest APIs), Spring’s web framework and support for template-based JDBC and reactive programming with Spring WebFlux.
• Spring boot Starter dependencies and autoconfiguration.
• Spring data Provides the ability to define your application’s data repository as Java interfaces. Works with relational (JPA), document (Mongo) and graph (Neo4j) databases.
• Spring security Authentication, authorization and API security.
• Spring integration & Batch helps integrate with other applications
• Spring cloud helps with microservices

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The main improvements over previous classes are Thread safety and ease of use.

LocalDate

Represents a date in ISO format (yyyy-MM-dd) without time.

// Declaration
final LocalDate ld1 = LocalDate.now();
final LocalDate ld2 = LocalDate.of(2015, 02, 20);
final LocalDate ld3 = LocalDate.parse("2015-02-20");

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Both text blocks and switch expressions still are preview features!

Text Blocks

New way to use multiline strings. They start with 3 " and a newline.

String jsonBlock = """
{
  greeting: "Hello",
  audience: "World"
}
"""

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CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing)

It’s a mechanism to let a web application running at one domain, protocol or port have permission to access resources from a server at a different one.

This is needed if you have, for example, a Frontend running on port :3000 (React) consuming a Backend API running on port :34831 (custom port for Spring). Unless CORS are set, FE will not be able to access BE resources.

In Spring

It’s possible to enable them for a single RestResource or globally for the whole application.

(This example has been done in Kotlin)

By RestResource

@RestController
@RequestMapping("courses")
@CrossOrigin("http://localhost:3000")
class CourseRestResource {
  // dependencies and methods
}

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Is possible to auto-generate builders for a Java class using @Builder lombok annotation. They’re really simple though and do not provide auto-filling. They just create an API to fill them with test data.

All we need is to put the annotation into a Java class

@Builder
@Getter
@Setter
@NoArgsConstructor
@AllArgsConstructor
public class PersonDto {

  private long id;

  private String name;
  private int age;

  @Singular
  private Set<String> hobbies;

}

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(This was done with MySQL, Hibernate and Lombok)

Setting: We have two Entities, Category and Code. Some categories must contain x codes, others cannot contain y codes and we want to leave open the possibility to “must contain z but not p” at the same time.

How: At database level we’ll have 4 tables with the following structure

client_category

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Thymeleaf is an HTML template engine, which provides full Spring support.

<h3>Designate your wrap:<h3>
  <div th:each="ingredient: ${wrap}">
    <input name="ingredients" type="checkbox"
            th:value="${ingredient.id}" />
    <span th:text="${ingredient.name}">ING</span>
    <br/>
  </div>

Operators

• @{} produces a context-relative path to the /static/ folder

Simple Tags

• th:src="@{images/taco.png}" retrieves an image with relative path from /static/
• th:href="@{/styles.css}" retrieve a css file

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Switch expression

It has been revamped to act as an expression. It removes the usage of break.

switch(day) {
  case SATURDAY, SUNDAY -> System.out.println(1);
  case TUESDAY, FRIDAY -> System.out.println(2);
  case THURSDAY, MONDAY -> System.out.println(3);
  case WEDNESDAY -> System.out.println(4);
}

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A spring bean is the basic building block of a Spring App. In its basis, it’s an Object which Spring Framework manages at runtime.

This management includes:

• Creating an Object
• Filling dependencies
• Intercepting method calls
• Destroying the Object

Define a Spring Bean

There’re 3 ways:

• declare it with @Component annotation
• @Bean annotation at a Bean Factory
• .xml config. file (old way)

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(This uses > java11)

To run a file as Java, we don’t need to do anything special to the .java file. Just write a class with a main() method and call it with java --source 11 file.java

Linux Shebang

To start it as a script in Linux we need to add java’s shebang #!/opt/jdk-11/bin/java --source 11 and do it executable chmod +x file.java. The shebang may need to be replaced if the java path is different.

Important

If we’re starting a java file as a script, the file’s name cannot end with .java or it won’t work.

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Pip

Usage to install a package

python -m pip install flask

BeautifulSoup

Find all elements of tag

def find_tag(self, tag):  
        paragraphs = self.soup.find_all(tag)  
        paragraph = paragraphs[0]  
        text = paragraph.get_text()

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Template

This is all needed to test.

package main

func main() {

}

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Check installation

go version

Environment variables

GOROOT
Folder where go was installated. It must only be set when installing to a custom location.

GOPATH
Place to get, build and install packages outside the standard Go Tree.

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Read files > 1 GB lazily

This reads big files (>200 MBs) sequentially and without loading the whole File in memory. This way we’re able to read text files on the Gigabyte level. This example was done reading from a remote SFTP server.

final ChannelSftp sftpClient = this.connect();
final InputStream is = sftpClient.get(file);
final InputStreamReader isReader
      = new InputStreamReader(is);  

try (final BufferedReader bffReader  
      = new BufferedReader(isReader)) {
  bffReader.lines()
        .forEach(this::doAction);
} catch(final IOException ex) {
  log.error("bla", ex);
}

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Compile & execute:

mvn clean install  
java -jar target/[substitute_with_name]-fat.jar -cluster

Standard vs Worker Verticle

Concurrency is handled completely by Vert.x

When created, a standard verticle will have one Event-loop assigned to it (it’ll always use the same) and the start method it’s called within that Event-loop. If it calls other Handlers, it can guarantee that they’ll be executed in the same Event-Loop
Meanwhile, a worker verticle will have a different Thread assigned to it, everytime it wants to perform a Job.
If you’re able to use a standard verticle for non-blocking jobs, you’ll save resources every time you execute code with it.

A standard verticle runs in an Event-Loop thread (one of many). If they’re completely blocked, the whole Program will be blocked and it will just halt. On the other side, the worker verticles run on a different Thread than the main event-loop, so they’re perfect to execute blocking code (another option is an inline .executeBlocking() call). They will never be executed by more than one Thread simultaneously, but they may be executed each time by different Threads.

The downside of using always workers, is that the max. concurrency achievable is much lesser than using normal verticles + workers. With a lot of blocking tasks, you may create a processing queue.

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Codearte’s Catch exception

The only thing it does, it’s to do a bit easier to test and assert for exceptions in a Test Driven Development-like way. To use together with AssertJ. It only has two methods which are useful to me:

// When
BDDCatchException.when(this.instance)  
	.methodWhichThrowsException();

// Then
Assertions  
.assertThat(BDDCatchException.caughtException())  
.isNotNull()  
.isExactlyInstanceOf(IndexOutOfBoundsException.class);

Reference

https://github.com/Codearte/catch-exception

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This is a list of the changes at Java’s API I found interesting or that I may use frecuently. Not all the changes from Java9, 10 & 11 are listed here.

Java 9

Java REPL (JShell)

It stands for Java Shell. It’s used to easily execute and test any Java construction like a class, interface, enum, etc.

Module System

The way we deploy Java-Based applications using jars has a lot of limitations & drawbacks. Some of these are: The JRE & JDK are too big; JAR files are too big to use in small devices and applications; There’s no strong encapsulation, public is open to everyone.

The new Module System introduces new features to avoid all this. More information here.

Factory Methods for Inmutable Collections (List, Map, Set & Map.Entry)

(I’ll use Lists as an example in this file, but this is valid for Maps and Sets too)

Until Java8 we could use Collections.unmodifiableList() to achieve this, but this is really verbose. Now we can do the same with

List inmutableList = List.of("bla", "ble", "bli");

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Implementation of several patterns in Java, which may be used as future example on how to technically implement them.

Database

DAO & DTO

Data Access Object & Data Transfer Object. DAO - Design pattern, used to encapsulate the access to a persistence resource (e.g a database) and eliminate dependencies which come with the implementation of the code. DTO is the object which representates an entity of the database, with all its own properties to be manipulated.

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Spring Cache

A cache itself may be imagined as a key-value map. For a basic Cache we need:

• @EnableCaching tag in @Configuration class
• Declare a CacheManager Bean
• Tag the method to cache w. @Cacheable
• Create a method with @CacheEvict

We may declare +1 cache(s) at the cache manager and select the one we want to use in the method we tag. As key for the cache we may use any conjunction of the parameters given to the method, or if this is a class, any of it’s accessible variables. The cache will only be triggered when the exact key is given again. Then the method won’t be executed and the value will be directly given from the cache. If the parameters don’t match any key, the method will be executed as normal and then the value will be saved into the cache to be returned the next time.

Caution with logs in big apps as they need to be written accordingly.
The hard part is not knowing when to cache something, but to know when to Evict the cache.

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